英文字根 clud
英文字根 clud、clud-, clus-，源自拉丁文 “claudere” ，意思是「關閉、封閉」。這個字根常出現在表示關閉、封閉、隔離或排除的單字中。透過了解這個字根，我們可以更輕鬆地掌握與關閉、阻隔相關的英文單字，提升英文詞彙量與理解力。
以下整理了30個包含字根 clud 的英文單字，並附上三個例句、中文翻譯及詞彙說明，讓你在學習時能更有系統，也更容易掌握使用情境。
1. Include
詞義：包含、包括
例句：
- The price includes breakfast and dinner. 這個價格包含早餐和晚餐。
- Please include your contact information in the form. 請在表格中附上你的聯絡資訊。
- The package includes a free gift. 這個包裹裡包含了一份免費禮物。
說明：字根 clud 指「關閉」，include 是將某物「關閉」於某範圍內，即「包含」。
2. Exclude
詞義：排除、不包括
例句：
- They decided to exclude him from the meeting. 他們決定不讓他參加會議。
- The price excludes taxes and service charges. 價格不包含稅金和服務費。
- Some countries are excluded from the trade agreement. 有些國家被排除在貿易協議之外。
說明：ex- 表示「出」，exclude 是把某物「關閉」在外，即「排除」。
3. Seclude
詞義：使隱居、使隔離
例句：
- After the scandal, he chose to seclude himself from the public. 醜聞後，他選擇隱居避世。
- The monastery is secluded in the mountains. 修道院隱藏在山中。
- She secludes herself to focus on writing her book. 她與世隔絕專心寫書。
說明：se- 表示「分開」，seclude 指將自己或他人「關閉」起來，隔離起來。
4. Conclude
詞義：結束、推論出
例句：
- We can conclude that the experiment was successful. 我們可以得出實驗成功的結論。
- The meeting concluded at 5 p.m. 會議於下午五點結束。
- To conclude, I want to thank everyone for their support. 總結來說，我想感謝大家的支持。
說明：con- 表示「共同」，conclude 是把事情「關閉」完成，指結束或做結論。
5. Recluse
詞義：隱士、隱居者
例句：
- He became a recluse after retiring from his job. 他退休後成為隱士。
- The famous author lived as a recluse for many years. 這位著名作家多年來隱居生活。
- Recluses often avoid social gatherings. 隱士通常避免社交活動。
說明：re- 表示「回」，recluse 是指回到閉合狀態的人，即隱居者。
6. Preclude
詞義：阻止、排除
例句：
- Lack of funds precludes the possibility of expanding the project. 資金不足阻止了項目擴展的可能。
- His injury precludes him from playing in the match. 他的傷勢使他無法參加比賽。
- The law precludes smoking in public areas. 法律禁止在公共場所吸煙。
說明：pre- 表示「前」，preclude 是事先「關閉」或阻止某事發生。
7. Occlude
詞義：阻塞、封閉
例句：
- The blood vessel was occluded by a clot. 血管被血塊阻塞了。
- Dirt can occlude the air filter and reduce engine performance. 汙垢會堵塞空氣濾清器，降低引擎效能。
- The dentist explained how plaque can occlude the teeth. 牙醫說明牙菌斑如何堵塞牙齒。
說明：oc- 表示「朝向」，occlude 指完全封閉或堵塞。
8. Exclusion
詞義：排除、排斥
例句：
- The exclusion of certain groups led to protests. 某些群體的排除引起抗議。
- Their exclusion from the team was unfair. 他們被排除在隊伍之外是不公平的。
- Exclusion from social events can cause loneliness. 被排除在社交活動之外會造成孤獨感。
說明：exclusion 是 exclude 的名詞形式，指排除的行為或狀態。
9. Inclusion
詞義：包含、納入
例句：
- Inclusion of diverse opinions helps improve decisions. 納入多元意見有助於改進決策。
- The school promotes inclusion of students with disabilities. 學校推動對身障學生的包容。
- Inclusion in the group gave her confidence. 被納入團體讓她更有自信。
說明：inclusion 是 include 的名詞形式，指包含或納入。
10. Claustrophobia
詞義：幽閉恐懼症
例句：
- She suffers from claustrophobia and avoids elevators. 她有幽閉恐懼症，避免搭電梯。
- Claustrophobia can make it hard to be in small spaces. 幽閉恐懼症使人在狹小空間感到困難。
- The doctor recommended therapy for his claustrophobia. 醫生建議他接受幽閉恐懼症治療。
說明：來自 claudere，雖不是直接包含 clud，但意涵關閉空間恐懼。
11. Cluster
詞義：群集、一簇
例句：
- A cluster of stars shone brightly in the night sky. 一群星星在夜空中閃耀。
- The grapes grow in clusters on the vine. 葡萄成串生長在藤蔓上。
- A cluster of people gathered around the street performer. 一群人聚集在街頭藝人周圍。
說明：字根相關但字尾略異，指物體「聚集、關閉」成群。
12. Conclusive
詞義：決定性的、確定的
例句：
- The evidence was conclusive and proved his innocence. 證據確鑿，證明他無罪。
- We need conclusive results before making a decision. 在做決定前，我們需要確定的結果。
- The conclusive report ended the debate. 決定性的報告終結了爭論。
說明：形容詞，表示能把事情「關閉」於結論，確定無疑。
13. Occlusion
詞義：阻塞、封閉
例句：
- The occlusion of the artery caused a heart attack. 動脈阻塞引發心臟病。
- Occlusion in the airway can cause breathing difficulties. 氣道阻塞會引起呼吸困難。
- Dentists check for occlusion problems in teeth alignment. 牙醫檢查牙齒咬合問題。
說明：occlude 的名詞形式，指封閉或阻塞狀態。
14. Excludable
詞義：可排除的
例句：
- Certain evidence was deemed excludable in court. 法庭認定某些證據可被排除。
- This area is excludable from the zoning regulations. 此區域可被排除在區域規劃之外。
- Excludable expenses will not be reimbursed. 可排除的費用不會報銷。
說明：形容詞，能被排除或不計入。
15. Exclusionary
詞義：排除的、排他的
例句：
- The exclusionary policy caused dissatisfaction. 排他政策引起不滿。
- An exclusionary rule prevents certain evidence from being used. 排除規則禁止使用某些證據。
- Exclusionary tactics hurt team morale. 排除策略損害團隊士氣。
說明：形容詞，指有排除特性或作用。
16. Includeable
詞義：可包含的
例句：
- These items are includeable in the budget. 這些項目可以納入預算。
- The software is includeable in the company’s system. 這個軟體可以被包含在公司的系統裡。
- Features that are includeable will be discussed tomorrow. 可納入的功能明天會討論。
說明：形容詞，表示可被包含。
17. Enclosure
詞義：圍欄、圍繞物
例句：
- The garden has a tall enclosure to keep animals out. 花園有高圍欄防止動物進入。
- Please see the enclosure for more information. 請參閱附件以獲得更多資訊。
- The zoo’s new enclosure mimics natural habitat. 動物園的新圍欄模擬自然棲地。
說明：來自 en- (使…) + clus (關閉)，指被包圍或關閉的區域。
18. Reclusive
詞義：隱居的、孤僻的
例句：
- He leads a reclusive life away from the city. 他過著遠離都市的隱居生活。
- The artist was known for his reclusive nature. 這位藝術家以孤僻著稱。
- Reclusive celebrities rarely appear in public. 隱居的名人很少出現在公開場合。
說明：形容詞，形容隱居、與世隔絕的狀態。
19. Conclusion
詞義：結論、結束
例句：
- The conclusion of the book was very surprising. 這本書的結尾非常令人驚訝。
- After much discussion, they reached a conclusion. 經過多次討論，他們達成結論。
- The report’s conclusion summarized the main points. 報告的結論總結了重點。
說明：conclude 的名詞，指事情的結束或推論結果。
20. Exclusionist
詞義：排他主義者
例句：
- The exclusionist attitude caused conflicts within the group. 排他態度引起團體內部衝突。
- Exclusionists often oppose multiculturalism. 排他主義者經常反對多元文化。
- The company was criticized for its exclusionist hiring practices. 公司因排他性的招聘政策受到批評。
說明：指持有排除他人或排斥態度的人。
21. Occlusive
詞義：封閉的、阻塞的
例句：
- The occlusive dressing helps wounds heal faster. 封閉式敷料幫助傷口更快癒合。
- Occlusive clouds blocked the sunlight. 封閉的雲層遮蔽了陽光。
- Occlusive forces prevented the enemy’s advance. 封鎖力量阻止敵軍前進。
說明：形容詞，指能封閉或阻塞的特性。
22. Clustered
詞義：聚集的、成群的
例句：
- The clustered houses were built on the hillside. 聚集的房屋建在山坡上。
- The birds clustered together to keep warm. 鳥兒聚在一起取暖。
- The data points were clustered in one area of the graph. 資料點聚集在圖表的一區。
說明：過去分詞，指物體或人群聚集。
23. Occluder
詞義：阻塞物、封閉器
例句：
- The occluder blocked the blood flow in the artery. 阻塞物阻斷了動脈中的血流。
- An occluder device is used in eye surgery. 封閉器用於眼科手術。
- The dentist adjusted the occluder for better bite alignment. 牙醫調整了阻塞器以改善咬合。
說明：指用來阻塞或封閉的物品。
24. Reclusion
詞義：隱居、隱遁
例句：
- After the tragedy, he lived in reclusion. 悲劇後，他過著隱居生活。
- Reclusion can lead to feelings of loneliness. 隱居可能導致孤獨感。
- Some writers prefer reclusion to find inspiration. 有些作家喜歡隱居尋找靈感。
說明：名詞，指隱居的狀態。
25. Excluding
詞義：排除的（現在分詞）
例句：
- Excluding weekends, the project takes two weeks. 不算週末，這個項目需要兩週。
- The budget is tight, excluding extra expenses. 預算緊張，不含額外開銷。
- Excluding him from the list was a mistake. 把他排除在名單之外是個錯誤。
說明：動詞現在分詞，表示正在排除。
26. Including
詞義：包含的（現在分詞）
例句：
- Including taxes, the total cost is $100. 含稅總費用是100美元。
- She invited all her friends, including you. 她邀請了所有朋友，包括你。
- Including the bonus, his salary increased. 包含獎金後，他的薪水增加了。
說明：動詞現在分詞，表示正在包含。
27. Precluding
詞義：阻止的（現在分詞）
例句：
- His injury is precluding him from participating. 他的傷勢阻止他參加。
- Precluding external factors, the results are accurate. 排除外部因素，結果是準確的。
- Precluding any doubts, the evidence is clear. 排除任何疑慮，證據很明確。
說明：動詞現在分詞，表示正在阻止。
28. Includable
詞義：可包含的
例句：
- The document is includable in the application. 文件可以包含在申請中。
- Includable items must be listed clearly. 可包含的項目必須清楚列出。
- Certain costs are includable in the final bill. 某些費用可包含在最後帳單。
說明：形容詞，能被包含的。
29. Excluded
詞義：被排除的
例句：
- He was excluded from the tournament. 他被排除在比賽之外。
- Some files were excluded from the backup. 有些檔案被排除在備份之外。
- The excluded participants were unhappy. 被排除的參與者很不高興。
說明：過去分詞，表示已被排除。
30. Included
詞義：被包含的
例句：
- The package includes breakfast and Wi-Fi. 套餐包含早餐和無線網路。
- All necessary documents are included in the folder. 所有必要文件都包含在資料夾裡。
- The fees included taxes and service charges. 費用包含稅金和服務費。
說明：過去分詞，表示已被包含。